| Title | Publication | Date/Location |
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| The role of the problem solving appraisal and support in the relationship between stress exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms of military spouses and service member partners | 2024 January | Published, online |
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Sullivan, K.S., Park, Y., Richardson, S., Stander, V., & Jaccard, J. This paper examined the relationship between individual and family-level stress exposures and military spouse resources, and their association with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among both partners. Spouse resources had both protective and promotive effects on PTSS for both service members and spouses. These findings emphasize the central role spouses play in military families. |
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| The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Negative Affect in Predicting Substantiated Intimate Partner Violence Incidents Among Military Personnel | Military Behavioral Health | 9(4); 2021 Aug |
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Stander VA, Woodall KA, Richardson SM, Thomsen CJ, Milner JS, McCarroll JE, Riggs DS, Cozza SJ, for the Millennium Cohort Research Team. Increasing rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military populations may indicate heightened risk for aggression, including aggression among domestic partners. Using longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study, we evaluated the association of PTSD symptom clusters and comorbid conditions as predictors of incidents of met criteria incidents of domestic abuse (physical and psychological) from DoD Family Advocacy Program (FAP) Central Registry data. Among 54,667 active-duty personnel who responded to the 2011 survey, FAP records documented 501 participants (1%) with incidents of emotional or physical met criteria incidents of aggression in the data collection period. Results showed that certain aspects of PTSD and behavioral health problems predicted incidents. In particular, general PTSD symptoms (e.g., anger/irritability, sleep disruption) and comorbid alcohol dependence were stronger predictors than trauma-specific PTSD symptomology (e.g., reexperiencing, hypervigilance). These results indicate that clinicians should consider the interpersonal consequences of PTSD and related behavioral problems. |
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| The Millennium Cohort Family Study: A prospective evaluation of the health and well-being of military service members and their families | International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research | 2014 Sep;23(3):320-30 |
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Crum-Cianflone NF, Fairbank JA, Marmar CR, Schlenger W The Millennium Cohort Family Study is the largest prospective, epidemiologic study of military families in US history, and includes dyads of service members and their spouses. This paper provides a comprehensive description of this landmark study including details of the research objectives, study methodology, survey instrument, ancillary data sets, and plans for dissemination of research findings. The Family Study offers a unique opportunity to define the challenges that military families experience and advance the understanding of protective factors that will benefit military families today and into the future. |
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| The impact of military and nonmilitary experiences on marriage: Examining the military spouses' perspective | Journal of Traumatic Stress | 2018 Oct;31(5):719-729 |
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Pflieger JC, LeardMann CA, McMaster HS, Donoho CJ, Riviere LA This study examined the impact of military experiences and nonmilitary family stressors on the military spouse’s perception of marital quality. After adjusting for demographic, relationship, and military characteristics, results indicated that most military experiences did not have a direct association with low marital quality, with the exception of service member posttraumatic stress. Rather, nonmilitary experiences of the military spouse, including lack of social support, caregiver burden, work-family conflict, and financial strain, increased odds of low marital quality. These findings suggest that providing additional supports to address nonmilitary family stressors experienced by spouses may strengthen military marriages. |
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| The impact of family stressors and resources on military spouse's perception of post-deployment reunion stress | Military Psychology | 2020 Nov; 32(6):369-379 |
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Mallonee SD, Riggs D, Stander VA This study explored the relationship between a variety of variables and the spouse's perception of reunion stress both independently and within their shared context. Results largely confirmed prior research on the independent relationship between each variable and reunion stress. However, the results found that many of these variables did not remain significant in the full model. Indeed, only poorer mental health among spouses and service members and greater perceived stressfulness of communication was associated with increased reunion stress as reported by spouses across all models tested. |
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| The development, validity, and reliability of a brief self-report measure of family resilience in military families | 2024 February | Published, online |
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Ray, T.R., Esquivel, A.P., Stander, V. A., McMaster, H.S., Roesch, S. C., & Walsh, F. Military service is associated with a host of stressors that can adversely affect the health and well-being of service members and their families. We developed and validated a brief measure of military family resilience based on the Walsh Family Resilience Framework to assess shared belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication processes. The brief 9-item scale demonstrated strong reliability and validity and has practical utility for military family research. |
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| Smoking and drinking behaviors of military spouses: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Family Study | Addictive Behaviors | 2017 Sep;77:121-130 |
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Trone DW, Powell TM, Bauer LM, Seelig AD, Peterson AV, Littman AJ, Williams EC, Maynard CC, Bricker JB, Boyko EJ This cross-sectional study assesses the associations between stressful military experiences and tobacco use and alcohol misuse among Service member spouses. Our findings suggest that contextual characteristics about the deployment experience, as well as the perceived stress of those experiences, may be more impactful than the simple fact of Service member deployment itself. These results suggest that considering the impact of deployment experiences on military spouses reveals important dimensions of military community adaptation and risk. |
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| Risk and Protective Factors Predictive of Marital Instability in U.S. Military Couples | Journal of Family Psychology | ePub; 2021 Dec |
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Pflieger JC, Richardson SM, Stander VA, Allen ES The objective of this study was to predict marital instability from a range of risk and protective factors in a large, representative cohort of military couples participating in the Millennium Cohort Family Study. Factors analyzed include mental health, family communication, military experiences, and education level. Findings from this study can be used to target specific couples risk factors for marital instability and to tailor programs to at-risk subgroups. |
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| Reducing the length of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | European Journal of Psychological Assessment | 2020 Sep;36(5):829-838 |
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Porter B, Kolaja CA, Powell TM, Pflieger JC, Stander VA, Armenta RA This study establishes the utility and validity of a shortened version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Using data from the first follow-up survey of the Millennium Cohort Family Study and a sample of university undergraduate students, results demonstrated that a scale half the length of the original measure (six items) assessed perceived social support about equally well as the full length MSPSS. Therefore, future Millennium Cohort and Millennium Cohort Family Study questionnaires will contain the reduced measure, saving participants time without sacrificing data quality. |
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| Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the United States military spouses: The Millennium Cohort Family Study | Depression and Anxiety | 2018 Sep;35(9):815-829 |
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Steenkamp MM, Corry NH, Qian M, Li M, McMaster HS, Fairbank JA, Stander VA, Hollahan L, Marmar CR This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence of eight mental health conditions in spouses of U.S. Service members with 2 to 5 years of service and the association between deployment status and spousal outcomes, as well as concordance in psychopathology between spouses and Service members. Over one-third of spouses met criteria for at least one of the assessed psychiatric conditions. Having a partner who deployed with combat resulted in higher prevalence of anxiety, insomnia and somatization. Rates of depression, anxiety and somatization were similar between spouses and Service members. |
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